Know yunnan blue and white porcelain

The blue and white porcelain is one of the best products in China Porcelain, most ethnic characteristics of high-quality varieties of pottery of ancient China, with its fresh, bright, quiet, pretty and elegant ornamental and practical value by domestic outside the admiration and affection of the people. A burned in the late Tang Dynasty blue and white porcelain, mature in the Yuan Dynasty, lush in the Ming and Qing, Fung Choi shape the field of ceramics, many shapes, enduring the wonderful work. Since the Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain in China's north and south Various firing, especially in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi most prominent occupy the dominant position of Chinese blue and white porcelain production, resulting in a long time, people mention the origin of the blue and white porcelain, most of the focus think of Jingdezhen, flowers in full bloom this favorite Little do they know that in China's southwest border of the land of Yunnan, is only in recent decades as Yunnan blue and white porcelain was found only gradually attracted the attention of the cultural sector. Yunnan firing factors and the blue and white porcelain blue and white porcelain of ours? This article intends to make a brief view of these aspects of the problem.

Yunnan blue and white porcelain generation

As early as the Song Dynasty to the late to the early Yuan Dynasty, Yunnan has appeared three more burning kilns in field scale cluster, they are southern Yunnan region Yuxi (representatives) to Guyao flat kiln, kiln and construction of water ( Hung tianjiayao representatives); the Western Yunnan region Lufeng (Luo, kilns, White Longjing kiln) and northwest Yunnan Dali Weishan and other places kilns, especially construction of water, and Yuxi along kilns Fun established [1]. In addition, in the area of ​​northeastern Yunnan's Qujing many burning kilns in field. They began firing plain green glazed porcelain main, then gradually developed to firing green glazed scratching printing products are mainly daily necessities of life, in order to meet the local market demand and southwest regions, especially the Yuxi and built water from Kunming than near, it is clear their is no doubt in the field in Kunming. Kunming, southwest China famous "urban" economic prosperity, foreign commodities appears often in the market, in the Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain, Jingdezhen production frequency found in Kunming market, very popular, so as to stimulate the local porcelain owners pay attention to and gradually follow suit. Its craftsmen sources, can be sent to study in the can hired the Jiangxi porcelain artisans to guide the Jingdezhen is a large amount of money to hire craftsmen produced from Yunnan blue and white porcelain shape with decorative patterns and the Mainland (or Central Plains) The blue and white porcelain products visible many similar or exactly the same place. The craftsman another source lies in the Yuan Dynasty Yunnan into feudal centralized unified governance, to improve the social productive forces, has mobilized more than 40 million people accompanying troops entered Yunnan, the implementation of a large-scale military colonies, the Damintun and supplier Tuen. These people both north and ceramic craftsmen, Central Asia ceramic artisans. The late Yuan Dynasty, with the gradual decline of the feudal regime, Mita system has been severely damaged, they stay in Yunnan engaged in agricultural production or the ceramic manufacturing industry. Craftsmen engaged in ceramic production, especially in West Asian pottery craftsmen familiar with the use of cobalt painted the technology to produce blue and white porcelain, which draw on the imitation of Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain type and grain color.

Rich soil and mineral resources in Yunnan Province, the origin of more than 20 counties in Qujing, Xuanwei, Yiliang, Huize, and the Jianshui near Beacon Hill and Yuxi near Hugh wax than 50 mine sites, these earth ores of the origin of the cobalt in addition to supply Yunnan itself kilns demand also transported to Sichuan, Jiangxi, Guizhou and other places, which is a favorable precondition firing blue and white porcelain. In addition, Yunnan blue and white porcelain firing kilns haixing, Zhu beans and other regions outside Vietnam exchange. For example, the characteristics of the image of Yunnan blue and white porcelain, painted petals, Yu Wen, lion wild animal ornamentation, obvious and 15th century Vietnamese blue and white porcelain similar to the style of similar ornamentation. All these factors have contributed to the Yunnan blue and white porcelain firing and further development.

Yunnan blue and white porcelain firing

About the Yuan Dynasty late Yunnan porcelain firing successfully by green glazed scratching the Printed development to green-glazed printing or green glazed blue and white porcelain.

The use of low mountains in the the gentle slope Gang mound built on the firing porcelain dragon kilns, from the Kilns view of excavations of Yuxi's No. 1, No. 3, residual length of about 30 m in many places as early as the Song Dynasty, Yunnan, kiln bottom about 1.6-1.7 meters wide, the kiln bed inclination of 12 degrees [2]; Lufeng White Longjing kiln residues long is also 25 meters, 1.8 meters wide at the bottom, the kiln bed tilted up to 13 degrees [3], indicating that these the amount of kiln installed burning is still quite large, these dragon kiln with adobe or brick stack build from.

Artifacts loaded kiln burn, the kiln has branched nail, the clay pad ring and bamboo form or flared branch burn. Loaded kiln large next with branched-burner supporting [4], general utensils used in the middle of the pad ring interval, small pieces of bowls, plates, dish, cup, like in the last nail is separated. Some kilns also sagger installed burning [5].

Yunnan blue and white porcelain Taizhi Yunnan over the china clay ingredients are not consistent and are all natural porcelain clay made tire formulation process, tire color generally into the gray, light gray or schungite, sallow, plus rough Taizhi cover Taizhi tire color on the presence of defects, and they tend to use on the carcass engobe [6]

Cover Yunnan porcelain glaze, throughout all plant ash plus lime mixture of green glazed after firing the color was the schungite or green in yellowed. The glazing method using dipped glaze or dip glaze process, thus artifacts unglazed on the bottom.

Yunnan blue and white porcelain relatively unadorned styling just folks, cans, bottles, hob, cups, pots, boxes, bowls, dish, cup, etc. The main shapes. Bottle vase and flask furnace is mainly a three-legged furnace for common pupil Cup, Cup, blue and white tank-type is more common, and many shapes, and the Yunnan region in Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty prevalent Cremation Practice related, so after to prohibit cremation practices in Yunnan, the mid-Ming Ming Dynasty blue and white porcelain canister tends recession greatly reduced the number of cans in the tombs, followed tank ornamentation also appears increasingly coarse Jane.

Yunnan blue and white porcelain decorative art painting subjects can be divided into the following categories: plant-based: Interlocking Lotus, broken branches Lotus, Peony, Interlocking chrysanthemum, broken branches chrysanthemum, a bouquet of flowers, floral, cruciferous pine, bamboo and plum, algae, and the opening flowers and fruits;: Shokaku, Fei Fung wear Peony, hornworts, Yunlong, lion, lion Gun Xiuqiu [7], flowers, birds and other animals based; characters Lord: fishing, ladies Spring Tour, also painted ornaments poetry and painting, Lake Dan Shanjing, pavilions and other features; auxiliary decoration: the fret seats pattern, banana leaf patterns, Juancao pattern sun pattern points continuous spiral pattern in line textured, Xianwen, the water ripples, junction with Po pestle, deformation lianpan etc.. These decorations Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain painting ornamentation has many similarities, their relationship is close, but painting techniques more natural look rugged rather pungent enjoy the publicity of its unique personality. There are also dishes outsole heart, inner bottom heart and bottles neck and other parts, respectively ink book "$", "Spring", "", "", "smooth", "child" on behalf of auspicious or more sub-fertility the meaning of the text [8].

Yunnan blue and white porcelain painting of green materials, the Department of grinding the local Cobalt soil ores, cobalt soil mineral manganese content (the ratio of manganese and cobalt between 3.74-16.11), and low iron content (which iron and cobalt to between 0.1-3.74), plus refining fine, contain other impurities, thus the blue and white hair color black and blue in the micro-Pan-Purple brown spots, or was cyan ink black [9], unlike imported green The gaudy materials hair color and pure.

Epilogue

Yunnan blue and white porcelain is subject to external blue and white porcelain, especially Jiangxi Jingdezhen kiln blue and white porcelain in the original green glazed scratching developed based on printing porcelain kilns in addition to Yuxi, Jianshui area more concentrated kiln group, most of the kilns more dispersed, scattered Bai, Pumi, Naxi, Hani, Hui, Li Nationality Autonomous Prefecture County region, so the tire system, decoration place national characteristics. Artisans in some are the external ceramic craftsmen in Central Asia, West Asia style shows in the shape of some artifacts on the Art Deco. Yunnan blue and white porcelain originated from different regions of blue and white, a combination of diverse local ethnic characteristics.

Yunnan blue and white porcelain, due to the system tire technology crude Jane, plus the green material without good refining, blue and white hair color hair color gaudy pure no import green material, the cover of the glaze long-term stay in the green glazed, significantly not the blue and white should be bright and beautiful style (compared with Jingdezhen Porcelain) Yunnan blue and white porcelain are the utensils of daily life (including the storage of ashes cans), the supply and the object is to meet the market demand for local and southwest regions Moreover kiln land located mostly inaccessible, so no its products in the export blue and white porcelain.

Yunnan blue and white porcelain Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain class is comparable to, but as a local handicraft industry in the development of the the Yunnan local economy to meet the needs of everyday life of the masses, the customary demand is immeasurable. It also reflects the financial package of the art aesthetic of the different ethnic groups and nationalities. It is one of the gorgeous flowers in the garden of Chinese ceramic art.